As sustainable agriculture and green lifestyles become part of the mainstream conversation, the ideals and concepts of a largely underground social movement have been highly influential: permaculture.

What is permaculture?

Bill Mollison, a professor of biogeography and environmental psychology at the University of Tasmania, first coined the term in 1978 and defined it as follows:

“The conscious design and maintenance of agriculturally productive systems which have the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems. It is the harmonious integration of the landscape with people providing their food, energy, shelter and other material and non-material needs in a sustainable way.”

In other words, permaculture is a holistic and sustainable worldview, as well as a technical approach. 

The word “permaculture” was intended as a contraction of the words “permanent” and “agriculture.” The root word “permanent” is used to refer to sustainability. Today, permaculture has been expanded to include the meaning of “culture.” Practitioners are known as permaculturists or permies.

What are the principles of permaculture?

Bill Mollison and his graduate student, David Holmgren, developed the principles and practices that are now taught around the world in the Permaculture Design Course, typically a two-week immersive experience held on a permaculture farm or property. 

Five of the more well-known principles are closed-loop systems, perennial crops, multiple functions, eco-earthworks, and letting nature do the work for you.

Closed-Loop Systems

Any system that provides for its own needs is inherently sustainable. This concept can include things like biofuels and solar power to what permaculturists call “inputs,” like food and fertilizer. 

For example, rather than bringing in fertilizer to a farm or garden from elsewhere, a system could serve its fertility needs from livestock manure or cover crops. Livestock could be fed from grain and forage crops on the land, as well as vegetable and food scraps usually disposed of during meal prep. 

Permaculturists like to talk about how a successful closed-loop system “turns waste into resources” and “problems into solutions.” Bill Mollison was fond of saying, “You don’t have a snail problem. You have a duck deficiency.”

Perennial Crops

Tilling the ground once or twice a year isn’t particularly good for the soil. Perennial crops that are planted just once are a better choice than annual crops that require constant tillage. 

Agroforestry (the cultivation of edible tree crops and understory plants) is emphasized in permaculture. An example of this is shade-grown coffee or cacao plantations in South America. One challenge to this method is that most of us eat only a few perennial crops. However, if we could replace all the monoculture crops in the world (corn, soy, and wheat) with agroforestry systems, agriculture would be much more sustainable.

Multiple Functions

One of the more unique ideas of permaculture is that every component of a structure or landscape should perform more than one function. An integrated, self-sufficient system can be achieved through strategic design and placement of components. Permies call this “stacking functions.”

For example, if you need a fence to contain animals, you could make it work as a windbreak, a trellis, and a reflective surface to direct extra heat and light to nearby plants. 

Another example: a rain barrel could be used to collect water, as well as raise aquatic food plants and edible fish. 

Eco-Earthworks

Water conservation is a major focus on permaculture farms and gardens. The earth is often carefully sculpted to use every last drop of rain for a useful purpose. This may take several forms:

• terraces on steep land

• swales on moderately sloped land (broad, shallow ditches that capture runoff and allow it to soak into the ground around plantings)

• systems of canals and planting berms on low swampy ground 

This last method is modelled on the chinampas of the ancient Aztecs, a way of growing food, fish, and other crops in an integrated system. Permaculturists often talk about this approach as the most productive and sustainable form of agriculture ever created.

Let Nature Do the Work for You

Permaculture is maybe best captured in the Mollisonian ideas of “working with, rather than against, nature” and engaging in “protracted and thoughtful observation, rather than protracted and thoughtless labour.” 

In practice, this means employing methods like chicken tractors that harness the natural scratching and bug-hunting behaviour of hens to clear an area of pests and weeds in preparation for planting. 

Another technique is planting mashua under locust trees. Locust trees are known for adding nitrogen to the soil. Mashua, a vining, shade-tolerant root crop from the Andes, needs a support structure to grow on. Planted together, the locust tree and the mashua benefit from each other. The locust trees also provide shade, serve as a nectar source for bees, and are aesthetically pleasing. 

Today, about half of all our seafood comes from aquaculture. It is predicted that by 2030, that number will rise to 62%. As the human population grows and the world becomes more aware of the need to act more sustainably, what role does aquaculture play?

What is aquaculture?

Aquaculture is fish farming. It’s very similar to agriculture, but with fish instead of plants or livestock.

How does aquaculture work?

Aquaculture can be done in freshwater ponds and rivers, coastal ocean waters, or simply in tanks of water.

The methods of aquaculture can differ from species to species, but there are typically four stages: 

1. Fish are bred and eggs are hatched at a hatchery

2. Once the fish are mature enough, they are moved to a farm where they grow to harvest size using feed produced at feed mills 

3. The fish go to a processing facility where they are packaged

4. The packaged fish are sent to food retailers and grocery stores

Why is aquaculture important?

Our oceans are being overfished, and we need new sources of seafood to feed the planet’s growing population. Farming fish responsibly and sustainably is one way to provide healthy and environmentally friendly protein options. Aquaculture also has lower greenhouse gas emissions than other types of farming.

Aquaculture has the potential to improve the health of the planet, as well as human health. It is highly resource-efficient: it has the highest protein retention and the lowest feed conversion ratio compared to chicken, pork, and beef.

Where is aquaculture happening in Grey & Bruce counties?

There are a number of fish farms in our area: Blue Spring Trout Farms (Hanover), Camp Creek Trout Farm (south of Durham), Wilmer Trout Ponds (north of Durham), and Springhills Fish Farm. Springhills is a large Grey County operation with properties near Allan Park and Williamsford and is one of the biggest fully integrated trout farms in central Canada.

Most recently, there is a proposal by Georgian Bay Innovation Group to create a land-based recirculating aquaculture system near Colpoy’s Bay in Wiarton.

“Solar energy isn’t a trend, it’s the future. One of the best things we can do is use it.”

—Mike Holmes, Canadian homebuilder and TV host

In the last decade, solar panel installations have gone up on many roofs around the world. Here in Ontario, the provincial government is encouraging residents to use solar and other forms of renewable energy to reduce their consumption of public electricity. Although Ontario plans to upgrade the public grid and add new power generation, the province considers self-generated power from solar to be a key way to meet future energy needs.

How do solar panels work?

Solar panels work by capturing photons from sunlight and converting them into direct current (DC) electricity. When there is more direct sunlight, more photons hit the solar panels and more electricity can be generated.

Solar panels generate DC power, but the appliances in our homes need alternating current (AC) power. DC power must be changed to AC power with an inverter.

What are the initial costs of a solar panel system?

That depends on your roof orientation, how many panels will fit, and the best location to capture sunlight. Another consideration is whether to set up your system to feed into the electric grid or go “off-grid” by storing extra energy in large batteries. A solar installation company can help you think about all these factors. 

For a typical 7,500 kW system, the average cost of a home solar power system in Canada is between $15,000 and $30,000. Rebates to offset the cost of installation are sometimes offered by the provincial government.

How can solar panels save me money?

In the recent past, Ontario offered to buy electricity generated by solar panels on private property. That program has ended but there are still financial incentives for installing solar power systems.

Currently, Ontario is running the Net Metering program. Power produced by solar panels is used in your home, but if there is extra energy, it’s exported to your electricity provider for a credit. You can use this credit your future power use for up to 12 months. 

Because a solar panel system can produce anywhere from 20% to 100% of your home’s annual power needs, you may not need to pay anything for your hydro bill except the standard fee to remain connected to the grid (typically $30 to $40). 

As electricity rates increase every so often, your solar electricity effectively gets cheaper.

A solar panel system generally gives you a 5-10% return on investment. Because solar panels last 30 years or more, this is a financial investment that is similar to taking out a long-term GIC. 

How long will solar panels last? 

Most solar panels are guaranteed to produce 80% of their original energy output when they are 25 years old and should keep running well for up to 30 or 40 years. During that time, they shouldn’t need a lot of maintenance. 

You can typically clean solar panels just like you wash your windows. If you keep them clean and don’t allow dirt, etc., to settle on them for too long, you shouldn’t have any problems with your solar panels.

You can also install a monitoring system to keep track of the energy performance, which will alert you that electrical maintenance is needed.

What are some of the pros & cons of solar panels?

People choose to install solar for a variety of reasons. There are many financial, civic, and environmental benefits to renewable energy. 

Pros

• 100% renewable energy

• save money on monthly energy bills

• enhanced property value

• solar panels should last 30 to 40 years 

• low maintenance

• 5-10% return on investment

Cons

• initial investment may be unaffordable 

• roof orientation may be inefficient for solar panels

Are you confused about the difference between GMO and organic farming? Agriculture in Grey and Bruce counties uses both methods. Here’s a brief survey of the main differences between these two kinds of farming.

How is GMO food grown?

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered or modified in a way that would not happen naturally. In most cases, genetic engineering works by injecting an organism with genetic material from another species. 

GMO seeds were introduced commercially in 1996 and are now very common for corn, soybeans, canola, and cotton.

GMO crops can be referred to as genetically engineered (GE), herbicide-tolerant (HT), or Bt crops. Herbicide-tolerant crops (“Roundup-ready crops”) are engineered to survive the use of one or more herbicide chemicals that would normally kill or severely stunt a crop. Bt crops are designed to produce toxins that kill certain insects.

GMO crops lower production costs for farmers and help crops resist plant diseases caused by insects or viruses.

How is organic food grown?

Organic farming follows strict government standards for growing food without toxic and persistent pesticides, herbicides, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, antibiotics, synthetic growth hormones, antibiotics, genetic engineering, excluded practices, sewage sludge, irradiation, solvents, or additives.

Organic farming is heavily regulated and closely monitored for many factors, including soil quality, pest control, and animal raising practices. To earn organic certification, land must be worked without prohibited materials for at least three years. Organic farmers create an organic operating farm plan that is overseen by their certification agency with annual third-party inspections.

Organic farmers rely on hand weeding, mechanical control, mulches, cover crops, crop rotation, dense planting, and pasture grazing.  

Organic livestock grown for meat, eggs and dairy products is raised without the use of antibiotics, synthetic growth hormones, or animal by-products. Farmers provide their animals with organic feed, cage-free living conditions, and access to the outdoors and pasture. For example, organic cows are required to graze on grass for a minimum of one-third of their lives.

Grey and Bruce counties offer an abundance of farmland. This blog post will provide a brief overview of soil types in the region. For more detailed information and soil maps (like those pictured below), visit Ontario’s Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs soils web page.

What are the soil types in Canada?

Canadian soil is classified into ten different orders based on the surrounding environment and on the composition of the soil. The soil types found in Grey and Bruce counties is shown in bold font.

• Chernozemic (grassland soil)

• Solonetzic (grassland soil)

• Podzolic (forest soil)

• Luvisolic (forest soil)

• Brunisolic (forest soil)

• Gleysolic (water-saturated soil)

• Regosolic (unstable slopes, sand dunes, floodplains, etc.)

• Vertisolic (high clay landscapes)

• Cryosolic (soil with permafrost)

• Organic (Boreal Forest soil)

What are the soil types in Bruce County?

Three distinct kinds of soil occur in Bruce County: Grey-Brown Podzolic, Brown Forest, and the Dark Grey Gleysolic. The Grey-Brown Podzolic soils are the dominant well-drained soils in the area. The surface soil is generally 3 to 4 inches thick, dark greyish brown to very dark brown, moderately friable, slightly to moderately acid, and moderately high in organic matter. 

In the northern part of the county, the Bruce Peninsula is dominated by the Breypen land type, which consists primarily of exposed rock outcrop with small pockets of soil materials. Based on the Canada Land Inventory, which classifies land based on farming potential, most of the Bruce Peninsula has no agricultural capability because of surface stoniness and bedrock outcrops, topography, and poor soil drainage.

However, some areas in the central part of the Bruce Peninsula have been classified as Class 1-3 and are considered Prime Agricultural Lands. The well-drained Brown Forest soils in the area are usually 3 to 4 inches thick, dark grey, friable, and of granular structure. Soil types include clay loam in the Judges Creek area, silt loam at Ferndale and north of it, and sandy loam near Ferndale, Lion’s Head and Little Pike Bay. 

What are the soil types in Grey County?

The soils of Grey County are very diversified due to differences in soil materials (clay, sand, and gravel), texture, drainage, topography, and climate.

In the southern half of the county, the soils developed under a temperate climate and mixed hardwood vegetation with the characteristics of the Grey-Brown Podzolic soil type. These soils developed on tills, gravels and sands with up to 4 inches of very dark brown silt loam.

In the northern half of the county, climate, soil materials, and age have resulted in shallow profiles with characteristics similar to the Brown Forest soil groups and are considered to be Brown Forest-Grey-Brown Podzolic Intergrades. These soils are found in well-drained locations in the northern half of the county that developed on till soils, gravels, and sands. Typical of the region is up to 3 inches of black loam with high lime stony till materials.